in  ofd  TdotcnQ-'C 


0 


THE  UNIVERSITY 


OF  ILLINOIS 


LIBRARY 


me 


V'-  - 


IN  OLD  FLORENCE 

Lecture  2 

FLORENTINE  GOVERNMENT 


lassification  of  the  people 

Grafidi^  or  nobles. 

Popolani,  01  men  of  affairs. 

Popolino^  or  laborers. 

ilds 

Divisions. 

Major  gilds,  seven. 

Minor  gilds. 

Functions. 

a Basis  of  government. 

b All  officers  of  state  must  be  from  the  gilds. 
c Each  gild  practically  a little  republic. 
d Regulate  and  control  trade  and  manufacture. 


epartments  of  government 

I Executive  heads. 

a Gonfalonier  (Banneret  of  justice).  ^ 

Term  of  office,  two  month§7  , 

Functions  : presided  over  cared  for 

the  city  standard.  ' 

Office  established  1293,  abolished  1532. 

b Podesta. 

Term,  six  months;  earlier,  one  year. 

Functions,  judicial:  pronouncing  and  causing 
to  be  executed  the  sentence  of  criminals,  com- 
mand of  the  militia,  almost  dictatorial  powers. 
Originally  a representative  of  the  empire  must  be 
foreign  born,  from  place  at  least  50  miles  dis- 
tant. Residence,  the  Bargello. 

Established  1184,  abolished  1502. 

£ Capitano  del  popolo. 

Conditions  same  as  podesta. 


4 


EXTENSION  SYLLABUS 


Collected  taxes  and  fines. 

Created  1250,  abolished  1475. 

The  functions  of  these  three  officers  were  by  no  means  stable  ai 
often  coinciding  or  conflicting. 

2 Legislative  bodies. 

a Under  presidency  of  capitano  del popolo. 

Council  of  100. 

Council  of  credit. 

Functions  : 

Appropriation  of  ico  lire  monthly. 

Election  of  subordinate  administrative  officei 
b Under  presidency  of  podesta. 

Council  of  300  (50  members  from  each  sestc 
Council  of  90  (15  members  from  each  sestc 
Council  of  the  major  gilds,  seven  in  numbt 
Buonuomini  (good  men),  12  in  number. 
These  four  sub-councils  together  formed  t 
council  of  the  commune. 

Elected  by  signoria,  podesta,  capitano  and  arjx 
Term  of  office,  one  year. 

Functions  : legislative. 
c Under  presidency  of  gonfalonier. 

SigJioria  or  priori ; an  executive  committ 
or  board  of  directors,  12  in  number 
perpetual  session  at  Palazzo  Vecchio. 
Term  two  months. 

Chosen  by  lot,  two  from  each  sesto. 

Functions  : 

Making  of  peace  and  war. 

Reception  of  ambassadors. 

Supervision  of  public  works. 
d General  parliament  or  public  council. 

Composed  of  sig?ioria,  all  the  councils,  the  cc 
suls  of  the  gilds,  podesta  and  capita7w. 

An  open  meeting  for  discussions  and  initiati 
legislation. 

e Parte  Gael  fa,  a sort  of  Tammany  hall. 


LIFE  IN  OLD  FLORENCE 


5 


The  balia 

1 Definition:  delegation  of  supreme  political  power  to  a 

I committee  of  citizens  for  an  extended  or  indefinite 

period  of  time. 

2 Purpose : to  supplement  the  ordinary  working  of  the 

constitution  in  times  of  public  difficulty  and  danger, 
and  to  bring  about  needed  reforms. 

3 Typical  balie. 

1341  Supreme  power  given  to  20  citizens  for  one 
year. 

1378  At  the  uprising  of  the  ciompi. 

1490  In  the  interest  of  the  Medici. 

excellencies  and  defects  of  the  Florentine  govern- 
ment 

1 Excellencies. 

Brought  the  strongest  and  best  men  to  the  front. 
Secured  active  interest  of  the  body  of  citizens. 
Fostered  civic  pride  by  dignified  and  splendid  cere- 
monials. 

2 Defects. 

Machinery  of  government  too  intricate. 

Powers  and  responsibilities  not  sharply  defined. 
Judicial  system  clumsy  and  inefficient. 

Checks  and  balances  wholly  wanting. 

References 

)ufFy.  Tuscan  republics,  ch.  10. 

lacchiavelli.  History  of  Florence,  bk.  2,  ch.  1-3. 

lay.  Democracy  in  Europe,  v.  i,  ch.  6. 

caife.  Florentine  life  during  the  renaissance,  ch.  2-3,  10. 

Topics  for  papers 

1 State  briefly  the  duties,  powers  and  conditions  of  elec- 
on  of  the  gonfalonier,  the  podesta. 

2 Describe  the  workings  of  the  judicial  system  of  Flor- 
nce. 

Scaife.  Florentine  life,  p.  44-48. 


6 


EXTENSION  SYLLABUS 


3 Describe  the  ceremonies  attending  the  installation  c 
new  signoria  and  gonfalonier. 

Scaife.  Florentine  life,  p.  69. 

4 In  what  respects  do  you  think  the  government  of  FI 
ence  either  superior  or  inferior  to  the  government  of  Ro( 
ester  ? 


Lectuf'e  3 
PRIVATE  LIFE 

Life’s  setting 

1 Houses. 

a City.  Comfortable,  clean,  scantily  furnished,  lar 
enough  to  hold  three  generations. 

b Country.  Numerous,  20,000  villas  within  20  mik 
also  800  stone  palaces. 

Occupied  six  months  or  more. 

2 Food. 

Simple;  oil,  wine,  fruits  and  vegetables  the  stap 
articles. 

Dinners  informal,  democratic,  plain. 

3 Dress. 

Early  simplicity,  followed  by  great  ornamentatio 
and  richness. 

4 Amusements. 

Games  of  chance,  ball  playing,  festivals,  spectacula 
processions,  horse  racing. 

Most  striking  feature  of  early  Florentine  life  is  it 
simplicity. 

The  personal  drama 

I Birth. 

Elaborate  christening. 

o 

Giving  of  classical  names. 

Burckhardt.  Renaissance  in  Italy,  pt.  3,  ch.  9. 


LIFE  IN  OLD  FLORENCE 


7 


2  Education. 

a Many  schools. 

1 338*  10,000  children  in  primary  schools, 
1200  boys  in  secondary  schools. 
b University  founded  by  the  city,  1349. 

Tuition  free. 

Five  colleges,  theology,  law  (civil  and  canon), 
medicine,  arts. 

Great  attention  paid  to  the  classics. 

Florence  the  pioneer  in  Greek  learning. 

Physical  culture  a part  of  the  system;  all  Floren- 
tines trained  in  athletic  sports. 

3 Marriage. 

a Young  girls  secluded,  but  women  after  marriage 
allowed  freedom  of  social  intercourse. 
b Marriage  vows  lightly  regarded. 
c Contemporary  records  of  home  life;  Agnolo  Pan- 
dolfini. 

4 Death. 

Funerals  at  nightfall. 

Coffin  carried  on  the  shoulders  of  masked  bearers; 
the  Misericordia. 

Public  funeral  given  by  the  city  to  honor  distin- 
guished citizens. 


References 

Biagi,  Guido.  Private  life  of  the  renaissance  Florentines  {see  Liv. 
age  197;  259-79) 

Bianciardi,  E.  D.  R.  A Florentine  family  in  the  15th  century  {see 
Allan.  48:  672-81). 

Blashfield,  E.  H.  and  E.  W.  In  Florence  with  Romola  {see  Scrib. 
2:  693-721). 

lurckhardt.  Civilization  of  the  renaissance  in  Italy,  pt.  5. 
church,  A.  J.  Life  in  mediaeval  Italy  {see  Chaut.  10:  651-55). 
vliot.  Romola. 
ohnson.  Lily  of  the  Arno. 

)liphant.  Makers  of  Florence,  ch.  6. 

caife.  Florentine  life  during  the  renaissance,  ch.  4. 


8 


EXTENSION  SYLLABUS 


Topics  for  papers 

1 Write  a brief  account  of  the  company  of  the  Miseri 
cordia. 

2 What  points  in  Pandolfini’s  discussion  of  home  affair; 
impress  you  most  ? 

Oliphant.  Makers  of  Florence,  ch.  6. 

3 Write  a brief  description  of  Florentine  country  life. 

4 What  was  the  position  of  women  in  Florentine  life 

Burckhardt.  Civilization  of  the  renaissance  in  Italy,pt.5,cb.6 
Scaife.  Florentine  life,  p,  82-86. 


Lecture  4 

DANTE  AND  HIS  TIMES 

Brief  sketch  of  his  times 

1 Characteristics  : 

a Violence,  street  broils. 

b Struggle  between  the  Ghibelines,  supporters  of 
the  empire,  and  the  Guelfs,  partizans  of  the 
pope. 

c Growth  of  commerce. 
d Family  feuds. 
e Great  religious  movements. 
f Rise  of  the  universities. 
g Expansion  of  commercial  life. 

2 Great  contemporaries. 

a Brunetto,  Dante’s  teacher. 
b Louis  9,  Edward  i,  great  rulers. 
c Marco  Polo,  traveler. 
d Roger  Bacon,  scientist. 
e Cimabue,  Giotto,  artists. 

f 1 homas  Aquinas,  Peter  Lombard,  Bonaventura, 
scholastics. 

g Arnolfo,  the  “ Michelangelo  of  the  13th  century.” 
h Niccola  of  Pisa,  sculptor, 
i Boccaccio,  Petrarch. 


LIFE  IN  OLD  FI.OKENCE 


9 


rhe  man  Dante 

1 His  life 

Birth,  1265. 

Meeting  with  Beatrice,  1274. 

Profound  effect  of  this  meeting  and  subsequent 
acquaintance  recounted  by  Dante  in  the  Vita 
7iiiova. 

Death  of  Beatrice,  1290. 

Marriage  to  Gemma  Donati. 

Political  life  and  election  as  prior,  1300. 

Banishment  in  1302. 

Factions  of  Bianchi  and  Neri. 

Life  of  exile  spent  in  wandering. 

Death  in  Ravenna,  1321. 

2 His  opinions. 

Begins  life  a Guelf,  later  becomes  a modified  Ghibe- 
line. 

Political  theories  given  in  his  treatise,  De  mo7iarchia, 
in  which  three  questions  are  asked  and  answered: 
Is  a supreme  principality  or  universal  empire 
good  for  the  world  ? 

b Have  the  Roman  people  the  right  to  exercise 
this  dominion  ? 

c Is  this  power  derived  directly  from  God  or  medi- 
ately through  the  pope  ? 

These  are  answered  as  follows  : 

a It  is;  since  only  in  profound  peace  can  all  man’s 
powers  flourish,  and  peace  can  be  secured  only 
through  one  supreme  ruler  and  justice-maker. 
b Rome  divinely  appointed  to  rule;  proved  by  her 
history  and  Christ’s  submission  to  Roman 
empire. 

c Both  papacy  and  empire  derive  their  power 
directly  from  God,  one  supreme  in  spiritual 
matters,  the  other  in  temporal. 

3 His  personality. 

Best  studied  in  his  writings.  The  DiviTia  coi7i77iedia 
intensely  autobiographic. 


lo 


EXTENSION  SYLLABUS 


References 

Bryce.  Holy  Roman  empire. 

Carlyle.  Hero  as  poet  Carlyle,  Thomas,  On  heroes,  het. 

worship  and  the  heroic  in  history.  1893.  Lect.  3). 

Church,  R;  W:  Dante:  an  essa}”^,  p.  1-48. 

Dante.  De  monarchia  {in  Church,  R;  W:  Dante,  an  essay;  alsc 
De  monarchia;  tr.  by  F.  T.  Church;. 

New  life;  tr.  by  C;  E.  Norton. 

Oliphant.  Makers  of  Florence,  ch.  1-3. 

Rossetti.  Shadow  of  Dante,  ch.  i. 

Symonds.  Introduction  to  the  study  of  Dante,  ch.  2-3. 

Ward.  Dante,  a sketch  of  life  and  works. 

Topics  for  papers 

1 Describe  Dante’s  first  meeting  with  Beatrice. 

2 Write  a brief  outline  of  Dante’s  life. 

3 Mention  some  of  the  conditions  of  the  times  in  whicl 
Dante  lived. 

4 What  portraits  of  Dante  have  we,  by  whom  painted 
where  found  ? 

5 State  as  simply  as  you  can  the  meaning  of  the  term' 
Guelf,  Ghibeline,  Neri,  Bianchi. 


Lecture  5 

THE  DIVINA  COMMEDIA 

General  character 

1 Form,  epic. 

2 Language,  Tuscan  enriched. 

3 Versification,  triple  rhyme,  iambic. 

4 Length,  100  cantos. 

5 Divisions,  Inferno,  Purgatorio,  Paradiso. 

6 Subject : “ The  subject  is  the  state  of  the  soul  after 

death  simply  considered.  But,  allegorically  taken, 
Its  subject  is  man,  according  as  by  his  good  or  ill 
deserts  he  renders  himself  liable  to  the  rewards  or 
punishment  of  justice.”— 


LIFE  IN  OLD  FLORENCE 


I [ 

Cosmography  of  the  poem 

1 Inferno. 

a An  inverted  cone.  Apex  at  center  of  earth,  base 
at  the  surface. 

b Within,  nine  circles  arranged  vertically,  where 
various  sins  are  punished. 
c Arrangement. 

Vestibule  and  limbo. 

Lust. 

Gluttony. 

Avarice  and  prodigality. 

Anger. 

Atheism. 

Violence. 

Fraud. 

Treason. 

d At  apex  of  Inferno  is  the  arch  fiend  Lucifer  fixed 
head  downward  in  ice. 

2 Purgatorio.  Mountain  of  Cleansing  rising  from  the 

southern  ocean. 

a Arrangement,  terraces  ascending  spirally. 
b Order. 

Ante-purgatory  for  tardy  penitents. 

Gate  of  St  Peter. 

Three  terraces  on^  which  is  expiated  love  dis- 
torted: Pride,  Envy,  Anger. 

One  for  love  defective:  Sloth. 

Three  for  love  excessive:  Avarice,  Gluttony, 
Lasciviousness. 

Terrestrial  paradise  on  the  summit  of  the  moun- 
tain. 

3 Paradiso.  Nine  heavens,  each  a hollow  revolving 

sphere,  inclosing  and  inclosed,  and  the  empy- 
rean which  contains  them  all. 
a Heaven  of  the  waxing  and  waning  moon. 

Manifestation  of  wills  imperfect  through  insta- 
bility. 

Revolved  by  angels. 


12 


EXTENSION  SYLLABUS 


b Heaven  of  Mercury. 

Manifestation  of  wills  imperfect  through  love  o 
fame. 

Revolved  by  archangels. 
c Heaven  of  Venus. 

Manifestation  of  wills  imperfect  through  exces 
of  human  love. 

Revolved  by  principalities. 

Last  heaven  to  which  the  shadow  of  eartl 
reaches. 

d Heaven  of  sun. 

Manifestation  of  doctors  of  philosophy  and  di 
vinity. 

Revolved  by  powers. 
e Heaven  of  Mars. 

Manifestation  of  martyrs,  confessors  and  war 
riors. 

Revolved  by  virtues. 
f Heaven  of  Jupiter. 

Manifestation  of  rulers  of  distinguished  justice 
Revolved  by  dominations. 
g Heaven  of  Saturn. 

Manifestation  of  monks  and  hermits. 

Revolved  by  thrones. 
h Heaven  of  the  fixed  stars. 

Manifestation  of  the  apostles  and  saints  of  tht 
Bible,  and  the  triumph  of  Christ. 

Revolved  by  cherubim. 
i Heaven  of  the  Primum  mobile. 

Manifestation  of  the  nine  orders  of  the  angelic 
hierarchy  who  revolve  the  heavens. 

Revolved  by  the  seraphim. 
j The  empyrean. 

“ The  still  fire-heaven,  essential  light,  essentia 
love.” 

The  white  rose  of  the  blessed. 


JFE  IN  OLD  FLORENCE 


13 


^oted  passages 

1 Inferno. 

2:  43 
3:  1-9 

4:  79-105 
3:  22-60 
5:  69-138 

2 Purgatorio. 

i:  1-27 
2:  10-51 

3:  118-45 

7:  64-84 

9:  43-132 

10:  112-39 
12:  112-26 
21:  55-70 
28:  1-42 

30:  13-54 

3 Paradiso. 

i:  64-105 
3:  52-108 
4;  28-48 
17:  109-14 
30:  61-132 
31 : 1-102 
33:  109-45 


Appearance  of  Beatrice. 
Inscription  over  hell-gate. 
School  of  the  poets. 

The  neutrals. 

Francesca. 

Dante’s  joy. 

Angel’s  boat. 

Manfred  of  Naples. 

Dell  of  princes. 

Gate  of  St  Peter. 

Penitents  for  pride. 

The  first  P effaced. 
Mountain  trembling  for  joy. 
Celestial  paradise. 

Vision  of  Beatrice. 

Music  of  the  spheres. 

Each  content  in  his  place. 
True  abode  of  the  blessed. 
Primum  mobile. 

Vision  of  beatitude. 

The  rose  and  the  bees. 
Vision  of  God. 


^oints  to  be  noted  in  reading  the  poem 

I Its  autobiographic  character. 

Passages  revealing  Dante’s  sternness,  love  of  truth, 
hatred  of  treachery  and  indifference,  liberality  of 
judgment,  breadth  of  interest,  intellectual  subtlety, 
lofty  pride. 

Instances  showing  his  close  observation  of  nature, 
precision  of  statement,  delicacy  of  perception,  sen- 
sitiveness to  impressions. 


14 


EXTENSION  SYLLABUS 


2 Its  universality:  permanent  history  and  trivial  inci 

dent,  philosophy  and  gossip,  scripture  and  mythol 
ogy,  vulgarities  and  ecstacies,  deepest  insight  anc 
widest  learning  are  inextricably  mingled.  Like  lif- 
in  its  surprises. 

3 Its  marvelous  unity  of  plan;  almost  a living  organism 

4 Its  permanent  value  as  a study  of  human  life.  Tin 

three  divisions  typical  of  three  conditions  of  being 
Inferno:  essential  condition  of  the  soul  out  of  har- 
mony with  laws  of  righteousness,  history  of  th( 
soul  emptied  of  God,  revelation  of  the  nature  oi 
sin  through  punishment,  typical  of  the  subjectiv( 
state. 

Purgatorio:  perennial  struggle  of  the  repentant 
toward  righteousness;  emptying  of  self. 

Paradiso:  eternal  atmosphere  of  all  right  doing;  fill- 
ing of  the  soul  with  God. 

References 

Blow.  Study  of  Dante. 

Browning.  Dante  : his  life  and  writings. 

Carl}’le.  Hero  as  poet  (see  Carb'le,  Thomas.  On  heroes,  hero- 
worship  and  the  heroic  in  history.  1893.  Lect.  3). 

Church,  R;  W:  Dante,  an  essay,  p.  48-173. 

Dante.  Divine  comedy;  tr.  by  H:  W.  Longfellow. 

tr.  by  C:  E.  Norton. 

Ddllinger.  Dante  as  a prophet  {see  his  Studies  in  European  history. 
1890.  p.  80-118). 

Hunt.  Stories  from  the  Italian  poets. 

Landor.  Imaginary  conversations,  v.  4. 

Lowell,  J.  R.  Dante  Lowell.  Among  my  books.  2d  ser.  iSgi. 
p.  1-124). 

Macaulay,  T;  B.  Milton  /-/j  Essays  and  lays  of  ancient  Rome. 
1893.  p.  1-28). 

Moore.  Contributions  to  the  textual  criticism  of  the  Divina  corn- 
media. 

Rossetti.  Shadow  of  Dante. 

Sismondi.  Literature  of  the  south  of  Europe. 

Symonds.  Introduction  to  the  study  of  Dante,  ch.  4-7. 

Renaissance  in  Italy:  Italian  literature  v.  i. 


LIFE  IN  OLD  FLORENCE 


•5 


Topics  for  papers 

1 Draw  charts,  showing  arrangement  of  Inferno,  Paradiso, 
*urgatorio. 

2 Give  briefly  an  incident  selected  from  each  of  the  three 
ivisions. 

j 3 What  is  the  language  of  the  Divina  commedial  The 
leter  ? 

4 What  influence  did  Dante’s  choice  of  language  have  on 
uiropean  literature? 


Lecture  6 

THE  WORK-A-DAY  WORLD 

'lorentine  community  essentially  commercial 

1 Marked  by  intense  activity,  enterprise,  industry;  a na- 

tion of  business  men. 

2 General  impression  that  commercial  civilization  is  op- 

posed to  creative  art,  questioned  in  view  of  de- 
velopment of  Athens,  Holland,  Florence. 

3 Florentine  artists  also  artisans,  working  at  a trade. 

business  life  centered  in  gilds 

1 Gild  of  the  notaries. 

Florence  the  author  of  modern  notarial  law  and  cus- 
tom. 

2 Gild  of  the  calirnala  or  cloth  merchants. 

3 Gild  of  the  bankers. 

14th  century,  80  banks  in  the  city. 

Gold  florin  became  standard  coin  of  Europe. 

Modern  exchange  originated  with  Florentine  bankers. 
Florence,  chief  banker  to  holy  see.  This,  the  key  to 
Florentine  politics,  secret  of  Guelf  sympathies. 
Power  of  republic  based  on  money.  Shattered  by 
discovery  of  America. 


1 6 EXTENSION  SYLLABUS 

4 Wool  gild. 

Richest  in  city. 

Art  of  dyeing  well  understood. 

Rucellai  family  discovered  famous  red  dye. 

Humble  brothers,  a monastic  order,  originators  o 
the  city’s  greatness  in  woolen  manufactures. 

5 Gild  of  physicians  and  druggists. 

6 Silk  gild. 

Led  the  world  in  beauty  of  their  silks.  15,000  en 
gaged  in  this  industry. 

7 Gild  of  furriers. 

8 14  minor  gilds:  butchers,  goldsmiths,  shoemakers 

leather  workers,  bakers,  carpenters,  etc.  Same  or 
ganization  as  major  gilds,  but  fewer  in  number  or  les: 
powerful.  Retailers  as  against  wholesalers. 

Internal  organizations  of  gilds 

1 Origin. 

Roman  collegia. 

German  ghilde. 

2 Character. 

Miniature  democracy. 

Officers  elected  by  members. 

Members  admitted  only  after  apprenticeship. 

3 Government,  by  consuls. 

Material  bought  by  gild. 

Wages  regulated. 

Hours  of  labor  regulated. 

Quality  of  work  kept  uniform. 

Disputes  settled. 

4 Customs. 

Members  of  each  gild  lived  in  same  quarter. 

Had  a standard  to  which  they  rallied  when  sum- 
moned by  the  ringing  of  the  great  bell. 

Duffy.  Tuscan  republics,  p.  92-93. 

Each  gild  had  a gild  house  and  armory. 


LIFE  IN  OLD  FLORENCE 


17 


Advantages  and  disadvantages  of  gilds 

L Advantages. 

a Lessened  ignorant  and  unscrupulous  competition. 
b Insured  a very  high  grade  of  work. 
c Gave  the  workmen  interest  in  their  work,  and  self- 
respect. 

2 Disadvantages. 

a Created  selfish  monopolies. 
b Destroyed  freedom  of  trade. 
c Narrowed  civic  patriotism. 

References 

Bagehot.  Lombard  street,  ch.  3. 

Campbell.  Puritan  in  Holland,  England  and  America,  v.  i, 

p.  140-45- 

Duffy.  Tuscan  republics,  ch.  19.  See  also  index  “Guilds.” 

P'iske.  Discovery  of  America,  v.  2. 

Dibbins.  History  of  commerce  in  Europe,  p.  41-56,  68-82. 
dowell.  Conflicts  of  capital  and  labor,  ch.  i. 

McNeill.  Labor  movement,  p.  27-44. 

Scaife.  Florentine  life  during  the  renaissance,  ch.  7. 

5ymonds.  Renaissance  in  Italy;  age  of  the  despots. 

Renaissance  in  Italy:  fine  arts. 

Frollope.  History  of  the  commonwealth  of  Florence,  v.  i,  bk.  i, 
ch.  4;  bk.  2,  ch.  i;  v.  2,  bk.  4,  ch.  i. 

Topics  for  papers 

1 Write  a brief  sketch  describing  and  naming  the  Flor- 
mtine  gilds. 

2 Mention  the  most  characteristic  features  of  gild  life. 

3 How  did  the  discovery  of  America  affect  Florentine 
:ommerce } 


Lecture  7 

DEPARTMENT  OF  PUBLIC  WORKS:  A CONTRAST 

Noted  buildings 

I Churches. 

a Baptistery  (San  Giovanni). 

Dating  from  eighth  century,  possibly  from  fifth. 
Bronze  doors,  Ghiberti. 


i8 


EXTENSION  SYLLABUS 


b Duomo  or  cathedral  (Santa  Maria  del  Fiore). 
Designed  and  begun  by  Arnolfo,  1298. 

Dome  added  by  Brunelleschi,  1420. 

Campanile  built  by  Giotto. 
c Santa  Croce,  1294,  Arnolfo. 

Franciscan  church  containing  frescoes  illustrat 
ing  the  life  of  St  Francis  by  Giotto. 
Westminster  abbey  of  Italy. 
d Santa  Maria  Novella. 

Dominican  church. 

Cimabue’s  Madonna. 

Frescoes  by  Orcagna  and  Ghirlandajo. 
e San  Lorenzo. 

Built  from  plans  by  Brunelleschi. 

Frescoes  by  Michelangelo. 

Chapel  of  the  Medici,  containing  Michelangelo’ 
statues  Day,  Night,  Twilight,  Dawn. 

2 Municipal  buildings. 

a Palazzo  Vecchio. 

Built  by  Arnolfo,  1298. 

Great  bell  tower  added  later. 
b Bargello  (Palazzo  del  Podesta). 

Very  ancient. 

Contains  Giotto’s  fresco  of  paradise  in  which  i. 
Dante’s  portrait. 

3 Palaces  of  noted  families. 

a Pitti;  architect,  Brunelleschi. 
b Rucellai;  architect,  Alberti. 
c Strozzi;  architect,  Majano. 
d Riccardi;  architect,  Michelozzo. 

4 Convent  of  San  Marco. 

Frescoes  by  Fra  Angelico. 

Other  public  works 

1 Bridges,  Ponto  Vecchio,  most  ancient. 

2 Streets  early  paved,  many  open  squares. 

Discussion  and  conclusion 

I Richness  of  the  Florentine  public  works  contrasted  with 
poverty  and  feebleness  of  our  own. 


LIFE  IN  OLD  FLORENCE 


^9 


2 Reasons  for  the  difference. 
a Florence. 

A homogeneous  population  united  in  faith  and 
ideals. 

A large  body  of  skilful  artisans. 

Inheritance  of  centuries  of  art  culture  from  the 
old  Etruscans  down. 

Great  civic  pride. 
b Rochester. 

Population  divided  in  faith,  race,  ideals. 

No  manual  training  or  skilled  artisans. 

Machine  work  has  supplanted  hand  work. 
Individualistic  selfishness  has  replaced  civic  con- 
sciousness. 

References 

axter.  Sculpture;  renaissance  and  modern. 

uffy.  Tuscan  republics,  p.  267-73. 

oodyear.  Renaissance  and  modern  art,  ch.  6-10. 

orton.  Historical  studies  of  church-building  in  the  middle  ages, 

ch.  I,  4. 

liphant.  Makers  of  Florence,  ch.  4-5. 
wen.  Art  schools  of  mediaeval  Christendom, 
srkins.  Tuscan  sculptors, 
hillimore.  Fra  Angelico, 
uilter.  Giotto. 

iiskin.  Mornings  in  Florence. 

:aife.  Florentine  life  during  the  renaissance, 
illman,  W.  J.  Italian  old  masters  {see  Cent.  37:  59-70,  164-71, 
323-32,  541-45,  669-73,  941-45;  38:  4-11.  229-33,  450-52,  616-25, 
653-59.  857-60:  39:  58-6r,  395-402,  825-56;  40:  94-101,462-63,  501- 
9;  41;  73-78,  838-42:  42:  347-50,  747-56,  895-900). 
ymionds.  Renaissance  in  Italy:  fine  arts,  ch.  4. 

— Short  history  of  the  renaissance  in  Italy,  ch.  12. 

as:ui.  Lives  of  the  most  eminent  painters,  sculptors  and  architects. 

Topics  for  papers 

1 Write  a brief  sketch  of  the  life  and  work  of  Giotto. 

2 Describe  the  bronze  doors  of  Ghiberti  ; give  brief 
istory. 


20 


EXTENSION  SYLLABUS 


3 Write  a sketch  of  the  life  and  work  of  Brunelleschi. 

4 Name  and  briefly  characterize  four  of  the  noted  churche: 
of  Florence. 


Lecture  8 
THE  MEDICI 

Italian  despotisms 

1 Origin. 

a Civil  dissensions. 
b Foreign  wars. 
c Use  of  money. 
d Revolutions. 

2 Classes. 

Symonds.  Age  of  the  despots,  p.  110-18. 
a Hereditary  lords;  Este  in  Ferrara. 
b Representative  of  the  empire;  Visconti  in  Milan. 
c Podestas  chosen  by  burghers,  numerous. 

^ The  cojidottieri j Sforza  in  Milan. 
e Sons  of  the  popes;  Borgia  in  Romagna. 

/ Eminent  citizens;  Medici,  Florence. 

Origin  and  development  of  the  power  of  the  Medici 

I Founder,  Cosimo,  “father  of  his  country,”  1434-64. 
a His  personality. 

An  enigma  to  his  contemporaries  and  to  posterity. 
Loved  power  but  disdained  luxury;  cool,  calcu- 
lating, practical,  generous. 
b His  work. 

Sj)ent  enormous  sums  in  public  buildings. 
Founded  and  built  up  public  libraries,  collected 
manuscript  of  the  classics. 

Founded  Platonic  academy  and  encouraged 
Greek  culture. 

c His  friends  and  associates. 

Niccoli,  collector  of  rare  curios. 

Bruni,  biographer  of  Dante,  wrote  history  of 
Florence. 


,IFE  IN  OLD  FLORENCE 


21 


Aretino,  brilliant  lecturer. 

Manetti,  marvelous  scholar,  devout,  sober. 
Traversari,  a monk,  devoted  to  culture. 

2 Lorenzo,  the  Magnificent,  1469-92. 

a Foreign  policy. 

To  maintain  equilibrium  by  shrewdly  balancing 
one  enemy  against  another. 
b Home  policy. 

To  subordinate  and  conciliate  rival  families. 

To  appease  the  people  by  pageants  and  public 
works. 

To  furnish  classical  studies  and  develop  the  fine 
arts. 

C Character. 

Broad  in  sympathies. 

Richly  endowed. 

Fascinating  personality. 

Selfish,  unscrupulous  and  licentious. 
d His  court  and  contemporaries. 

Humanists : Poliziano,  schokr,  tutor ; Miran- 
i dola,  philosopher,  mystic  ; Ficino,  theologian; 

Pulci,  poet,  satirist. 

I Historians  : Macchiavelli;  Guicciardini;  Nardi; 

I Varchi. 

i Artists:  Alberti;  Fra  Bartolommeo;  Ghirlan- 

dajo;  Botticelli;  Michelangelo. 

Strict  chronologic  limits  have  not  been  followed  in  making  these 
sts,  but  names  identified  with  Florence  during  the  period  to  which 
.orenzo  belongs  have  been  selected;  some  doing  their  best  work 
1st  before  and  some  soon  after  the  career  of  Lorenzo. 

3 Outline  of  subsequent  history. 

1494  Expulsion  of  the  Medici. 

1498  Execution  of  Savonarola. 

1512  Reestablishment  of  the  Medici. 

J527  Second  expulsion  of  the  Medici. 

1530  Death  struggle  of  Florentine  liberties. 

1532  Creation  of  the  dukedom  by  the  pope. 

This  endures  till  1765. 


22 


EXTENSION  SYLLABUS 


Effect  of  the  tyranny  of  the  Medici 

1 Citizenship  debased  by  importation  of  foreign  laborei 

2 Old  freedom  and  simplicity  of  intercourse  destroyed 

creation  of  titles,  mobility  gives  place  to  rigidity 
organization. 

3 Pauperization  of  the  people  through  arbitrary  taxatio 

and  public  largesse.  In  1300  no  paupers  ; in  150 
22,000  people  accepting  alms. 

4 Government  changed  from  democracy  to  plutocrat 

despotism. 

5 Classical  learning  very  much  stimulated. 

6 Fine  arts  fostered  ; but  it  must  be  remembered  that 

a Great  works  in  architecture  antedate  the  Medici. 
b Renaissance  in  painting  determined  as  to  manm 
and  tendency  before  their  day. 

C Great  artists  of  plden  age,  bred  in  atmosphei 
created  by  earlier  conditions. 
d Ultimate  effect,  the  degradation  and  enfeeblemer 
of  art. 


References 

Burckhardt.  Civilization  of  the  renaissance  in  Italy,  pt.  3,  ch.  6. 
Duffy.  Tuscan  republics,  ch.  21-22.  24-25. 

Oliphant.  Makers  of  Florence,  ch.  '14-15.' 

Owen.  Sceptics  of  the  Italian  renaissance. 

Reumont.  Lorenzo  de  Medici  the  Magnificent. 

Scaife.  Florentine  life  during  the  renaissance,  p.  64-69  225-28 
Symonds.  Renaissance  in  Italy:  age  of  the  despots,  ch.’2,  5. 
Renaissance  in  Italy:  fine  arts,  ch.  3-6. 

Renaissance  in  Italy:  revival  of  learning,  ch.  3. 

Short  history  of  the  renaissance  in  Italy,  ch.  8-9;  12  p 2ao 
-19;  13,  P.  263-69.  ’ ■ 

Taine.  Philosophy  of  art  in  Italy  {see  his  Lectures  on  art ; 2d  series 
1889.  P-  1-156). 


Topics  for  papers 

1 Compare  the  Florence  of  Lorenzo  with  the  Athens  o 
Pericles. 

2 Enumerate  the  conditions  that  favored  the  remarkabh 
art  development  of  Florence. 


LIFE  IN  OLD  FLORENCE 


23 


3 What  were  the  causes  for  the  decay  of  Florentine  vigor  ? 

4 In  what  ways  was  Florentine  development  unsymmetrF 
il  ? 

5 Name  the  famous  men  of  the  court  of  Lorenzo, 

6 Write  a character  sketch  of  Lorenzo  de  Medici. 

7 On  what  was  the  power  of  the  Medici  founded 


Lecture  9 
SAVONAROLA 


itroductory 

1 Church  of  Savonarola’s  time. 

a Popes  of  the  renaissance. 

Nicholas  5. 

Pius  2. 

Eugenius  4. 

Paul  2. 

Sixtus  4. 

Innocent  8. 

Alexander  6. 

Julius  2, 

Leo  10. 

b Their  culture,  paganism,  vice,  partly  explained  by 
their  position  as  Italian  princes. 
c Monastic  orders, 

Franciscan,  emphasized  charity. 

Dominican,  emphasized  doctrine. 
d Belief  characterized  by  latitude,  superstition,  out- 
ward conformity. 

2 Social  life. 

Old  aristocracy  replaced  by  new  plutocracy. 
Simplicity  replaced  by  display. 

Independent  artisans  replaced  by  foreign  labor. 
Profligacy  in  all  ranks  of  society. 


24 


EXTENSION  SYI.LABUS 


Savonarola’s  life  and  works 

1 Early  life. 

Birth,  Ferrara  1452. 

Early  inclinations  toward  a monastic  life. 

Became  a Dominican  friar. 

2 Prophet. 

a Made  prior  of  San  Marco. 
b Preached  in  the  duomo. 

c Character  of  his  preaching,  prophetic,  ethical  ai 
practical,  fearless. 

d Connection  with  Lorenzo  de  Medici. 

3 Statesman  and  ruler. 

a Expulsion  of  the  Medici  followed  by  entry 
Charles  8. 

b Leaders  of  public  thought  ; Capponi,  Savonarola 
c Parties. 

Piagnoni,  the  puritans,  Savonarola’s  party  of  r 
form. 

Bianchi,  the  radicals,  support  Savonarola  h 
political  reasons. 

Bigi,  secret  partizans  of  the  Medici. 

Arrabbiati,  rich  conservatives,  opposed  both 
the  Medici  and  Savonarola,  and  wishing 
form  an  oligarchy. 
d Savonarola’s  constitution. 

A grand  council  on  the  Venetian  model. 
Smaller  council  of  80,  elected  every  six  month 
New  tax  on  land  substituted  for  forced  loai 
and  arbitrary  levies. 

Court  of  appeals, 

4  Martyr. 

Savonarola’s  moral  reforms,  denunciations  of  pa[); 
abuses  lead  to  the  hostility  of  Pope  Alexander  i 
who  suspends  him  from  i)reaching,  seeks  to  corrui 
him,  excommunicates  liim,  1497*  Savonarola  coi 
tinues  to  preach.  Ordeal  of  fire  proposed  by 
Franciscan  monk.  Savonarola  imprisoned.  Ex{ 
cuted,  1498. 


LIFE  IN  OLD  FLORENCE 


25 


References 

rckhardt.  Civilization  of  the  renaissance  in  Italy,  pt.  6,  ch.  2. 
irk  Savonarola, 
ot.  Romola. 

rford.  Life  of  Michel  Angelo,  v.  i,  p.  121-217. 

:inson.  Lily  of  the  Armo. 

iphant.  Makers  of  Florence,  ch.  9-12. 

rrens.  History  of  Florence. 

monds.  Renaissance  in  Italy;  age  of  the  despots,  ch.  8. 

— Short  history  of  the  renaissance  in  Italy,  ch.  4-5. 
llari.  Life  and  times  of  Savonarola. 


Topics  for  papers 

1 What  was  the  condition  of  the  papacy  at  the  time  of 
vonarola  ? 

2 How  did  Savonarola’s  purpose  and  point  of  view  differ 
)m  Luther’s.? 

3 Describe  the  burning  of  the  vanities. 

Eliot.  Romola,  ch.  49. 

4 Describe  the  execution  of  Savonarola. 

5 In  what  ways  was  the  strength  of  Savonarola’s  influence 
own  ? 


Lecture  10 

MICHELANGELO  BUONARROTI 

troductory 

I Place  of  fine  arts  in  Florentine  history. 

a Essentially  popular,  all  churches  and  public  build- 
ings make  use  of  sculpture  and  painting.  Books 
scarce  and  expensive;  fine  arts  fill  their  place. 
b Religious  in  character;  existed  to  represent  and  to 
teach  belief. 

c Comparatively  small  range  of  subjects  secured  high 
general  average  of  work. 

d Close  connection  with  handicrafts  never  lost;  the 
day  of  specialists  not  yet. 


26 


EXTENSION  SYLLABUS 


2  Reasons  for  selecting  Michelangelo  as  typical  artist. 
a His  personality  essentially  Florentine. 
b His  marvelous  versatility  illustrates  all  departmei 
of  art. 

c He  belongs  to  the  culmination  of  renaissance  paii 
ing.  Contemporary  of  Bartolommeo,  Andrea  c 
Sarto,  Raphael,  Leonardo  de  Vinci,  Correggio. 
d His  faults  connect  his  age  directly  with  the  dec 
dence  of  art. 

Sketch  of  life,  1475-1564 

Of  noble  birth  in  contrast  to  most  Florentine  artists. 

1 Early  life.  Period  of  sculpture. 

a Noted  works,  Bacchus,  David,  Pieta. 
b Influence  of  Savonarola. 

2 First  achievements  in  painting,  1504-12. 

a Summoned  to  Rome  by  Julius  2 to  build  his  tom 
b Character  of  Julius  2 ; quarrel  with  Michelangel 
c Commission  to  paint  ceiling  of  the  Sistine  chape 

3 Period  of  enforced  unproductiveness,  15 13-21. 

a Unfortunate  commission  by  Leo  10. 
b Brilliant  career  of  Raphael  during  this  time. 

4 Florentine  revolution,  1530. 

a Michelangelo  put  in  charge  of  the  fortifications. 
b Conquest  of  the  city  by  treachery. 
c Commission  by  Clement  7 for  tombs  of  the  Medic 
in  San  Lorenzo. 

5 Final  settlement  in  Rome,  1535. 

Painting  of  the  Last  judgment. 

6 Michelangelo  as  poet. 

a Friendship  with  Vittoria  Colonna.  Her  death  i 
^547- 

b His  sonnets. 

Former  view  modified  by  recent  study  of  th 
manuscripts. 

7 Great  architectural  work. 

a Made  architect-in-chief  of  St  Peters.  154.^. 


LIFE  IN  OLD  FLORENCE 


27 


b His  plan  not  carried  out  in  full. 
c Dome  modeled  on  lines  laid  down  by  Brunnelles- 
chi. 

8 Old  age  and  death, 

ersonality 

His  versatility,  pride,  energy,  imagination,  morbidity, 
sensitiveness  to  beauty,  irritability,  sympathy. 
Contrast  with  Raphael. 

References 

lack.  Michael  Angelo,  sculptor,  painter,  architect, 
ellini.  Life  of  Benvenuto  Cellini  ; tr.  by  J:  A.  Symonds. 

— Memoirs  ; tr.  by  Thomas  Roscoe. 
lement.  Michelangelo, 
astlake.  Five  great  painters, 
rimm.  Life  of  Michael  Angelo. 

angfellovv,  H:  W.  Michael  Angelo:  a fragment  {see  his  Com- 
plete poetical  works.  1895.  p.  537-86). 
iddlemore.  Great  age  of  Italian  painting. 

Iter.  Renaissance. 

srkins.  Raphael  and  Michelangelo. 

asari.  Lives  of  the  most  eminent  painters,  sculptors  and  archi- 
tects. 


Topics  for  papers 

1 How  did  exaggeration  of  Michelangelo’s  style  lead 
irectly  to  deterioration  of  art  ? 

2 What  materials  for  study  of  Michelangelo’s  life  and 
laracter  have  lately  become  available.^ 

Symonds.  Michelangelo,  introd. 

3 What  changes  in  theological  conceptions  between 
[ichelangelo’s  time  and  ours  are  revealed  by  his  frescoes } 

4 What  great  poets  and  artists  seem  to  you  in  genius 
dn  to  Michelangelo  ? 


28 


EXTENSION  SYLLABUS 


LIST  OF  AUTHORITIES  REFERRED  TO 

, Not  including  periodicals 

Bagehot,  Walter.  Lombard  street;  a description  of  the  mone 
market.  359  p.  D.  N.  Y.  1892.  Scribner,  $1.25. 

Baxter,  Mrs  L.  E.  (Barnes).  Ghiberti,  too  p.  D.  Lond.  i89( 
Low,  3s.  6d. 

Sculpture  ; renaissance  and  modern.  O.  Lond.  i88( 
Low,  5s.  (Ulus,  text-books  of  art  education.) 

Black,  C:  C.  Michael  Angelo,  sculptor,  painter,  architect.  8 
N.  Y.  1885.  Chautauqua  press,  75c. 

Blow,  S.  E.  Study  of  Dante.  102  p.  D.  N.  Y.  1887.  Putnarr 
I1.25. 

Browning,  Oscar.  Dante:  his  life  and  writings.  104  p.  S.  N.  Y. 
1891.  Macmillan,  90c. 

Guelphs  and  Ghibellines;  a short  history  of  mediaeval  Ital' 
from  1250-1409.  213  p.  D.  Lond.  1893.  Methuen,  5s. 

Bryce,  James.  Holy  Roman  empire.  479  p.  D.  Lond.  1892.  Mac 
millan,  $1. 

Burckhardt,  Jacob.  Civilization  of  the  renaissance  in  Italy;  tr.  b- 
S.  G.  C.  Middlemore.  559  p.  O.  Lond.  1892.  Macmillan,  $4 
Campbell,  Douglas.  Puritan  in  Holland,  England  and  America 
Ed.  4 enl.  2 V.  O.  N.  Y.  1893.  Harper,  $5. 

Carlyle,  Thomas.  On  heroes,  hero-worship  and  the  heroic  in  his 
tory.  286  p.  S.  N.  Y.  1893.  Stokes,  $1.25.  (Artists’ ed.) 
Cellini,  Benvenuto.  Life  of  Benvenuto  Cellini,  by  J:  A.  Symonds 
Newed.  514  p.O.  Lond.  1893.  Scribner,  $3. 

Memoirs;  tr.  by  Thomas  Roscoe.  D.  Lond.  1883.  Bell, 
(Bohn’s  standard  lib.) 

Church,  R:  W:  Dante:  an  essay;  (also)  De  monarchia  ; tr.  by  F.  J 
Church.  O.  N.  Y.  1879.  Macmillan,  $1.75. 

Clark,  William.  Savonarola,  his  life  and  times.  352  p.  D.  Chic 
1890.  McClurg,  $1.50. 

Clement,  Charles.  Michelangelo,  in  p.  D.  Lond.  1891.  Low 
3s.  6d.  (Great  artists  ser.) 

Divine  comedy;  tr.  by  C:  E.  Norton.  3 v.  D.  Bost.  1892 

Houghton,  $3.75. 

New  life;  tr.  by  C:  E.  Norton.  D.  Bost.  1892.  Houghton 

$i.25. 

Ddllinger,  J;  J.  1.  von.  Studies  in  European  history;  tr.  by  Mar- 
garet Warre.  426  p.  O.  Lond.  1S90.  Murra)’,  145. 


LIFE  IN  OLD  FLORENCE 


29 


y,  Bella.  Tuscan  republics;  Florence,  Siena,  Pisa  and  Lucca 
th  Genoa.  456  p.  illus.  D.  N.  Y.  1893.  Putnam,  $1. 50.  (Story 
the  nations.) 

lake,  Elizabeth  (Rigby),  lady.  Five  great  painters  ; essays  re- 
nted from  the  Edinburgh  and  Quarterly  reviews.  2 v.  O. 
nd.  1883.  Longmans,  i6s. 

, George.  Romola.  517  p.  illus.  D.  N.  Y.  Harper,  75c. 
e,  John.  Discovery  of  America.  2 v.  illus.  O.  Bost.  1894. 
)ughton,  $4. 

ins,  H ; de  B.  History  of  commerce  in  Europe.  D.  N.  Y. 
)i.  Macmillan,  90c. 

lyear,  W:  H.  Renaissance  and  modern  art.  310  p.  illus.  D. 
iadville,  Pa.  1894.  Flood  & Vincent,  $1.  (Chautauqua  reading 
cle.) 

im,  Herman.  Life  of  Michael  Angelo;  tr.  by  F.  .E.  .Bunnett. 

. 16.  2 V.  O.  Bost.  1890.  Little,  Brown  & co.  $5. 

ord,  J:  S.  Life  of  Michel  Angelo  Buonarroti.  2 v.  O.  Lond. 

157.  Longmans,  25s.  Ou/  of  print. 

ell,  George.  Conflicts  of  capital  and  labor  historically  and 
momically  considered.  D.  N.  Y.  1S90.  Macmillan,  $2.50. 
t,  Leigh.  Stories  from  the  Italian  poets.  2 v.  T.  N.  Y.  1888. 
tnam,  $2.  (Knickerbocker  nuggets,  v.  14.) 
son,  V.  W.  Lily  of  the  Arno.  354  p.  O.  Bost.  1S91.  Estes 
Lauriat,  $3. 

or,  W.  S.  Imaginary  conversations;  ed.  by  H.  Ellis.  S.  N.  Y. 
I7.  Whittaker,  40c.  (Camelot  ser.  no.  4.) 

dellow,  H:  W.  Complete  poetical  works.  689  p.  O.  Bost. 
)5.  Houghton,  $2.  (Cambridge  ed.) 

dl,  J.  R.  Among  my  books.  2d  ser.  380  p.  D.  Bost.  1891. 
)ughton,  $2. 

lulay,  T;  B.  Essays  and  lays  of  ancient  Rome.  923  p.  D. 
nd.  1893.  Longmans,  $1.  (Popular  ed.) 

diiavelli,  Niccolo  di  Bernardo  de.  History  of  Florence.  522  p. 
. Lond.  1894.  Bell,  $r.  (Bohn’s  standard  lib.) 
eill,G:E.  Labor  movement;  the  problem  of  to-day.  D.  N.Y. 
)0.  Hazen,  $3-75- 

SirT\  E.  Democracy  in  Europe.  2 v.  D.  N.  Y.  1889.  Arm- 
ong,  $2.50. 

llemore,  S.  G.  C.  Great  age  of  Italian  painting.  O.  Lond. 
I9.  Simpkin,  5s. 

■e,  Edward.  Contributions  to  the  textual  criticism  of  the  Divina 
nmedia.  O.  N.  Y.  1889.  Macmillan,  $5.25. 
an,  C:  E.  Historical  studies  of  church-building  in  the  middle 
.'s.  O.  N.  Y.  1880.  Harper,  $3. 


30 


EXTENSION  SYLLABUS 


Oliphant,  Mrs  M.  O.  (Wilson).  Makers  of  Florence:  Dante,  Giotto, 
Savonarola  and  their  city.  422  p.  illus.  D.  Lond.  1892.  Mac- 
millan, $3. 

Owen,  A.  C.  Art  schools  of  mediaeval  Christendom.  O.  Lond.  1876.I 
Mozley,  7s.  6d.  ’ 

Owen,  John.  Sceptics  of  the  Italian  renaissance.  O.  N.  Y.  1893. 
Macmillan,  $3.50. 

Pater,  Walter.  Renaissance;  studies  in  art  and  poetry.  D.  N.  Y. 
1890.  Macmillan,  $2. 

Perkins,  C.C.  Raphael  and  Michelangelo.  Illus.  O.  Dost.  1878. 
Osgood,  $5. 

Tuscan  sculptors;  their  lives,  works  and  time'^.  2 v.  O.  Bost. 

186S.  Little,  Brown  & co.  $22  50. 

Perrens,  F.  T.  History  of  Florence,  1434-1531  ; tr.  by  Hanna! 

Lynch,  v.  i,  O.  Lond.  1892.  Methuen,  12s.  6d. 

Quilter,  Harry.  Giotto.  126  p.  D.  Lond.  1889.  Low,  3s.  6d. 
(Great  artists  ser.) 

Reumont,  Alfred.  Lorenzo  de  Medici  the  Magnificent;  tr.  by  R. 

Harrison.  2 v.  O.  Lond.  1876.  Smith  & Elder,  30s. 

Rossetti,  M.  F.  Shadow  of  Dante;  essay  toward  studying  himself, 
his  world  and  his  pilgrimage.  Ed.  2.  D.  Bost.  1S86.  Roberts. 
1 1. 50. 

Ruskin,  John.  Mornings  in  Florence.  171  p.  D.  N.  Y.  1891. 
Wiley,  57c. 

Val  d’  Arno  ; lectures  on  Tuscan  art.  D.  N.  Y.  1891. 

Maynard,  $1.50. 

Scaife,  W.  B.  Florentine  life  during  the  renaissance.  24S  p.  O. 
Baltimore  1893.  Johns  Hopkins  press,  $1.50.  (Johns  Hopkin 
univ.  studies,  extra  v.  14.) 

Sismondi,  Jl  C:  L.  S.  de.  Historical  view  of  the  literature  of  th 
south  of  Europe.  2 v.  D.  Lond.  1889-90.  Bell,  $2.  (Bohn’ 
standard  lib.) 

History  of  the  Italian  republics.  S.  N.  Y.  Harper,  75c.  1 

Stille,  C:  J.  Studies  in  mediaeval  history.  473  p.  D.  Phil.  i882| 
Lippincott,  $2. 

Symonds,  J:  A.  Introduction  to  the  study  of  Dante.  Ed.  3 
288  p.  D.  N.  Y.  1893.  Macmillan,  $2.50. 

Life  of  Michelangelo  Buonarotti.  New  ed.  2 v.  O.  N.  Y 

1S93.  Scribner,  $7.50. 

Renaissance  in  Italy:  age  of  the  despots.  O.  N.  Y.  1SS8 

Holt.  $2. 

Renaissance  in  Italy:  fine  arts.  O.  N.  Y.  1S88.  Holt,  $2. 

Renaissance  in  Italy  : Italian  literature.  2 v.  O.  N.  Y.  188S 

Holt,  $2  ea. 


